What is the process called that involves the chemical breakdown of sugar by microorganisms?

Fermentation is the process that involves the chemical breakdown of sugar by microorganisms, typically yeast and bacteria, in the absence of oxygen. During fermentation, sugars such as glucose are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide, along with other byproducts, depending on the microorganisms involved and the conditions of the fermentation process. This process is essential in various food and beverage production, such as in making bread, beer, wine, and yogurt, as it not only preserves food but also develops unique flavors and textures.

In contrast, decomposition refers to the breakdown of organic matter, often involving larger-scale biological processes rather than the specific chemical actions of microorganisms on sugars. Metabolism encompasses a broader range of biochemical reactions within living organisms, including those that produce energy from sugars but also those involved in the synthesis of other compounds. Distillation is a physical separation process that involves boiling and condensing liquids to purify or concentrate a substance and is not related to the breakdown of sugar by microorganisms.